Reading Time: 3 minutesIntroduction Long before skyscrapers, airplanes, or digital networks, the first engineers shaped the modern world with canals, bridges, and machines. The late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries witnessed the birth of engineering as a distinct profession — a new form of applied science that linked physical labor with intellectual design. Early pioneers such as James […]

Reading Time: 3 minutesIntroduction In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the Atlantic Ocean was not a barrier — it was a bridge. Ships carried not only goods but also ideas, art, and philosophies between Europe and America. From political ideals to artistic techniques, this transatlantic dialogue redefined what it meant to be “modern.” Millions of Europeans migrated […]

Reading Time: 3 minutesIntroduction The nineteenth century was an age of profound curiosity. Scientists and philosophers alike sought not only to understand nature but also to interpret the human condition through the lens of reason and evidence. This was the century when telescopes and microscopes expanded human perception — and ideas about knowledge, morality, and progress expanded along […]

Reading Time: 3 minutesIntroduction John Ericsson (1803–1889) was one of the most brilliant engineers of the nineteenth century. A Swedish-born inventor who made his mark in America, Ericsson became a defining figure of the so-called “Age of Steam” — an era that revolutionized transportation, energy, and warfare. He embodied the restless curiosity and determination that drove industrial progress. […]

Reading Time: < 1 minuteThe Math Ebook Viewer is an HTML5-based web app that reads BSON books with mathematical expressions. It works in modern browsers on both desktop and mobile devices and requires no traditional installation—just open a supported browser and visit one of the links below. You can then import book content for offline reading (no internet connection […]

Reading Time: 4 minutes3-6. Addition of Velocities Learning Objectives Apply principles of vector addition to determine relative velocity. Explain the significance of the observer in the measurement of velocity. Relative Velocity If a person rows a boat across a rapidly flowing river and tries to head directly for the other shore, the boat instead moves diagonally relative to […]

Reading Time: 4 minutesThe image above comes from Gulliver’s Travels — the moment when the giant Gulliver awakens to find himself tied down by hundreds of tiny ropes, captured by the miniature people of Lilliput. Though it belongs to the world of fiction, the scene offers a surprisingly powerful metaphor for how small genetic changes can shape — […]

Reading Time: 2 minutesMost people think of hereditary cancers as running in families — passed down from one generation to the next. But not all genetic changes are inherited. Sometimes, a completely new mutation appears for the first time in a person, even though their parents don’t carry it. These are known as de novo mutations. A de […]

Reading Time: 12 minutesEvery cell in the human body carries a vast instruction manual—its genome. Within those three billion letters of DNA lie the directions for how a cell grows, divides, repairs itself, and eventually dies. Cancer genomics studies what happens when parts of that manual are misprinted, missing, or rearranged. These genetic changes can transform healthy cells […]

Reading Time: 10 minutesEstrogen is often called the body’s “architect of balance.” From the first stirrings of puberty to the steady rhythm of adulthood, this hormone quietly shapes bones, skin, heart, and brain. It is produced mainly by the ovaries, but also by the adrenal glands and, later in life, by fat tissue that keeps a gentle baseline […]