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Science, History, and Ideas That Shaped the Modern World

In-depth essays exploring science, technology, mathematics, and culture — from the Industrial Revolution to the unanswered questions of today.

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Knowledge Frontiers

How Curiosity Drove the Great Scientific Revolutions

Reading Time: 4 minutesEvery great leap in human understanding begins not with certainty, but with a question. Curiosity — that restless spark urging us to ask “why” and “how” — has powered every scientific revolution, from Galileo’s telescope to the algorithms exploring the cosmos today. It is not merely a trait; it’s the engine of progress, the invisible […]

October 30, 2025 4 min read
Digital Library Archives

FlatWorld Textbooks: Open Learning for a Modern World

Reading Time: 2 minutesThe rise of digital learning has changed how students and educators access knowledge. Among the early pioneers in open and affordable academic publishing was FlatWorld Knowledge — a company dedicated to making high-quality textbooks freely available online. Their works continue to serve learners around the globe, combining academic rigor with accessibility. FlatWorld Textbooks These titles […]

October 30, 2025 2 min read
Digital Library Archives

Louis XIV, the Fronde, and the Government of Cardinal Mazarin (1643–1661)

Reading Time: 16 minutesThe early reign of Louis XIV was marked by intrigue, power struggles, and the remarkable political influence of Cardinal Mazarin. Following the death of Louis XIII, France entered a period of regency under Queen Anne of Austria. The queen’s decision to retain Mazarin as her chief minister shaped the nation’s political landscape for nearly two […]

October 30, 2025 16 min read
Digital Library Archives

Protein Folding and Function

Reading Time: < 1 minuteAs the amino acid chain grows, it folds into a three-dimensional (3-D) structure, which depends on both the chemical nature and order of the different amino acids. The 3-D structure determines the function of the protein. When there is a change in one or more amino acids, then the ability of the protein to function […]

October 30, 2025 < 1 min read
Digital Library Archives

JOHN ERICSSON (1803–1889)

Reading Time: 5 minutesBy Martha J. Lamb Home  |  Previous  |  TOC  |  Next  |  Bookshelf John Ericsson. In a message, referring to the relations of our country with the several nations of Europe, President Harrison said: “The restoration of the remains of John Ericsson to Sweden afforded a gratifying occasion to honor the memory of the great […]

October 30, 2025 5 min read