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Science, History, and Ideas That Shaped the Modern World

In-depth essays exploring science, technology, mathematics, and culture — from the Industrial Revolution to the unanswered questions of today.

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Cultural Chronicles

Architects of Progress: How Art and Engineering Intertwined in the 1800s

Reading Time: 5 minutesThe 19th century was more than an age of invention — it was a century of imagination made tangible. It was the moment when art and engineering ceased to exist as separate domains and began shaping each other. Factories became cathedrals of iron and glass, while artists learned to paint smoke, speed, and steel. Together, […]

October 30, 2025 5 min read
Knowledge Frontiers

How Curiosity Drove the Great Scientific Revolutions

Reading Time: 4 minutesEvery great leap in human understanding begins not with certainty, but with a question. Curiosity — that restless spark urging us to ask “why” and “how” — has powered every scientific revolution, from Galileo’s telescope to the algorithms exploring the cosmos today. It is not merely a trait; it’s the engine of progress, the invisible […]

October 30, 2025 4 min read
Digital Library Archives

FlatWorld Textbooks: Open Learning for a Modern World

Reading Time: 2 minutesThe rise of digital learning has changed how students and educators access knowledge. Among the early pioneers in open and affordable academic publishing was FlatWorld Knowledge — a company dedicated to making high-quality textbooks freely available online. Their works continue to serve learners around the globe, combining academic rigor with accessibility. FlatWorld Textbooks These titles […]

October 30, 2025 2 min read
Digital Library Archives

Louis XIV, the Fronde, and the Government of Cardinal Mazarin (1643–1661)

Reading Time: 16 minutesThe early reign of Louis XIV was marked by intrigue, power struggles, and the remarkable political influence of Cardinal Mazarin. Following the death of Louis XIII, France entered a period of regency under Queen Anne of Austria. The queen’s decision to retain Mazarin as her chief minister shaped the nation’s political landscape for nearly two […]

October 30, 2025 16 min read
Digital Library Archives

Protein Folding and Function

Reading Time: < 1 minuteAs the amino acid chain grows, it folds into a three-dimensional (3-D) structure, which depends on both the chemical nature and order of the different amino acids. The 3-D structure determines the function of the protein. When there is a change in one or more amino acids, then the ability of the protein to function […]

October 30, 2025 < 1 min read
Digital Library Archives

JOHN ERICSSON (1803–1889)

Reading Time: 5 minutesBy Martha J. Lamb Home  |  Previous  |  TOC  |  Next  |  Bookshelf John Ericsson. In a message, referring to the relations of our country with the several nations of Europe, President Harrison said: “The restoration of the remains of John Ericsson to Sweden afforded a gratifying occasion to honor the memory of the great […]

October 30, 2025 5 min read